International
Tables for Crystallography Volume B Reciprocal space Edited by U. Shmueli © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. B. ch. 2.2, pp. 220-222
Section 2.2.5.5. Quartet phase relationships
aDipartimento Geomineralogico, Campus Universitario, I-70125 Bari, Italy |
In early papers (Hauptman & Karle, 1953; Simerska, 1956) the phase was always expected to be zero. Schenk (1973a,b) [see also Hauptman (1974)] suggested that Φ primarily depends on the seven magnitudes: , called basis magnitudes, and , called cross magnitudes.
The conditional probability of Φ in P1 given seven magnitudes according to Hauptman (1975) is where L is a suitable normalizing constant which can be derived numerically, For equal atoms . Denoting gives Fig. 2.2.5.3 shows the distribution (2.2.5.18) for three typical cases. It is clear from the figure that the cosine estimated near π or in the middle range will be in poorer agreement with the true values than the cosine near 0 because of the relatively larger values of the variance. In principle, however, the formula is able to estimate negative or enantiomorph-sensitive quartet cosines from the seven magnitudes.
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Distributions (2.2.5.18) (solid curve) and (2.2.5.20) (dashed curve) for the indicated values in three typical cases. |
In the cs. case (2.2.5.18) is replaced (Hauptman & Green, 1976) by where is the probability that the sign of is positive or negative, and The normalized probability may be derived by . More simple probabilistic formulae were derived independently by Giacovazzo (1975, 1976): where and . Q is never allowed to be negative.
According to (2.2.5.20) is expected to be positive or negative according to whether is positive or negative: the larger is C, the more reliable is the phase indication. For , (2.2.5.18) and (2.2.5.20) are practically equivalent in all cases. If N is small, (2.2.5.20) is in good agreement with (2.2.5.18) for quartets strongly defined as positive or negative, but in poor agreement for enantiomorph-sensitive quartets (see Fig. 2.2.5.3).
In cs. cases the sign probability for is where G is defined by (2.2.5.21).
All three cross magnitudes are not always in the set of measured reflections. From marginal distributions the following formulae arise (Giacovazzo, 1977c; Heinermann, 1977b):
Equations (2.2.5.20) and (2.2.5.23) are easily modifiable when some cross magnitudes are not in the measurements. If is not measured then (2.2.5.20) or (2.2.5.23) are still valid provided that in G it is assumed that . For example, if and are not in the data then (2.2.5.21) and (2.2.5.22) become In space groups with symmetry higher than more symmetry-equivalent quartets can exist of the type where are rotation matrices of the space group. The set is called the first representation of Φ. In this case Φ primarily depends on more than seven magnitudes. For example, let us consider in Pmmm the quartet Quartets symmetry equivalent to Φ and respective cross terms are given in Table 2.2.5.1.
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Experimental tests on the application of the representation concept to quartets have recently been made (Busetta et al., 1980). It was shown that quartets with more than three cross magnitudes are more accurately estimated than other quartets. Also, quartets with a cross reflection which is systematically absent were shown to be of significant importance in direct methods. In this context it is noted that systematically absent reflections are not usually included in the set of diffraction data. This custom, not exceptionable when only triplet relations are used, can give rise to a loss of information when quartets are used. In fact the usual programs of direct methods discard quartets as soon as one of the cross reflections is not measured, so that systematic absences are dealt with in the same manner as those reflections which are outside the sphere of measurements.
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