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International
Tables for Crystallography Volume B Reciprocal space Edited by U. Shmueli © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. B. ch. 2.3, pp. 241-242
Section 2.3.2.5. Systematic computerized Patterson vector-search procedures. Looking for rigid bodies
aDepartment of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA, and bCABM & Rutgers University, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5638, USA |
The power of the modern digital computer has enabled rapid access to the large number of Patterson density values which can serve as a lookup table for systematic vector-search procedures. In the late 1950s, investigators began to use systematic searches for the placement of single atoms, of known chemical groups or fragments and of entire known structures. Methods for locating single atoms were developed and called variously: vector verification (Mighell & Jacobson, 1963![[link]](/graphics/greenarr.gif)
), symmetry minimum function (Kraut, 1961; Simpson et al., 1965; Corfield & Rosenstein, 1966) and consistency functions (Hamilton, 1965). Patterson superposition techniques using stored function values were often used to image the structure from the known portion. In such single-site search procedures, single atoms are placed at all possible positions in a crystal, using a search grid of the same fineness as for the stored Patterson function, preferably about one-third of the resolution of the Patterson map. Solutions are gauged to be acceptable if all expected vectors due to symmetry-related atoms are observed above a specified threshold in the Patterson.
Systematic computerized Patterson search procedures for orienting and positioning known molecular fragments were also developed in the early 1960s. These hierarchical procedures rely on first using the `self'-vectors which depend only on the orientation of a molecular fragment. A search for the position of the fragment relative to the crystal symmetry elements then uses the cross-vectors between molecules (see Sections 2.3.6 and 2.3.7). Nordman constructed a weighted point representation of the predicted vector set for a fragment (Nordman & Nakatsu, 1963; Nordman, 1966) and successfully solved the structure of a number of complex alkaloids. Huber (1965) used the convolution molecule method of Hoppe (1957a) in three dimensions to solve a number of natural-product structures, including steroids. Various program systems have used Patterson search methods operating in real space to solve complex structures (Braun et al., 1969; Egert, 1983).
Others have used reciprocal-space procedures for locating known fragments. Tollin & Cochran (1964) developed a procedure for determining the orientation of planar groups by searching for origin-containing planes of high density in the Patterson. General procedures using reciprocal-space representations for determining rotation and translation parameters have been developed and will be described in Sections 2.3.6 and 2.3.7, respectively.
Although as many functions have been used to detect solutions in these Patterson search procedures as there are programs, most rely on some variation of the sum, product and minimum functions (Section 2.3.2.4). The quality of the stored Patterson density representation also varies widely, but it is now common to use 16 or more bits for single density values. Treatment of vector overlap is handled differently by different investigators and the choice will depend on the degree of overlapping (Nordman & Schilling, 1970; Nordman, 1972). General Gaussian multiplicity corrections can be employed to treat coincidental overlap of independent vectors in general positions and overlap which occurs for symmetric peaks in the vicinity of a special position or mirror plane in the Patterson (G. Kamer, S. Ramakumar & P. Argos, unpublished results; Rossmann et al., 1972).
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