DFG () with undepletion at  – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)

Boulanger, B.; Zyss, J.

doi:10.1107/97809553602060000634

International
Tables for
Crystallography
Volume D
Physical properties of crystals
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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. D. ch. 1.7, pp. 208-212

Section 1.7.3.3.5.3. DFG ( $[\omega_p-\omega_s=\omega_i]$ ) with undepletion at $[\omega_p]$ – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)

B. Boulanger^a ^* and J. Zyss^b

^a Laboratoire de Spectrométrie Physique, Université Joseph Fourier, 140 avenue de la Physique, BP 87, 38 402 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France, and ^bLaboratoire de Photonique Quantique et Moléculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
Correspondence e-mail: benoitb@satie-bourgogne.fr

1.7.3.3.5.3. DFG ( $[\omega_p-\omega_s=\omega_i]$ ) with undepletion at $[\omega_p]$ – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)

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$[(\omega_s,\omega_i,\omega_p) = (\omega_1,\omega_2,\omega_3)]$ or $[(\omega_2,\omega_1,\omega_3)]$ .

The initial conditions are the same as in Section 1.7.3.3.5.2, except that the undepleted wave has the highest circular frequency. In this case, the integrations of the coupled amplitude equations over ( [X,Y,Z] ) lead to $[P_p(L)=T_p^2P_p(0),\eqno(1.7.3.89)]$ $[P_i(L)=P_s(0){\omega_i\over\omega_s}\Gamma^2L^2{{\rm sinh}^2\{\Gamma^2L^2-[(\Delta k\cdot L)/2]^2\}^{1/2}\over \Gamma^2L^2-[(\Delta k\cdot L)/2]^2}\eqno(1.7.3.90)]$ and $[\eqalignno{P_s(L)&=P_s(0)\left[1 + {\omega_s\over\omega_i}{P_i(L)\over P_s(0)}\right]&\cr &=P_s(0)\left(1+\Gamma^2L^2{{\rm sinh}^2\{\Gamma^2L^2-[(\Delta k \cdot L)/2]^2\}^{1/2}\over \Gamma^2L^2-[(\Delta k \cdot L)/2]^2}\right)&\cr&&(1.7.3.91)}]$ with $[\Delta k = k_p - (k_i+k_s)]$ and $[\Gamma^2=[B_iP_p(0)]/w_o^2]$ , where w_o is the beam radius of the three beams and $[B_i={8\pi\over\varepsilon_oc}{2N-1\over N}{d_{\rm eff}^2\over\lambda_s\lambda_i}{T_sT_pT_i\over n_sn_pn_i}.]$ The units are the same as in equation (1.7.3.42).

Equations (1.7.3.90) and (1.7.3.91) show that both idler and signal powers grow exponentially. So, firstly, the generation of the idler is not detrimental to the signal power, in contrast to DFG ( $[\omega_s-\omega_p=\omega_i]$ ) and SFG ( $[\omega_s+\omega_p=\omega_i]$ ), and, secondly, the signal power is amplified. Thus DFG ( $[\omega_p-\omega_s=\omega_i]$ ) combines two interesting functions: generation at $[\omega_i]$ and amplification at $[\omega_s]$ . The last function is called optical parametric amplification (OPA).

The gain of OPA can be defined as (Harris, 1969) $[G(L)=\left|{P_s(L)\over P_s(0)}-1\right|.\eqno(1.7.3.92)]$ For example, Baumgartner & Byer (1979) obtained a gain of about 10 for the amplification of a beam at 0.355 µm by a pump at 1.064 µm in a 5 cm long KH₂PO₄ crystal, with a pump intensity of 28 MW cm⁻².

According to (1.7.3.91), for $[\Delta k^2L^2/4\gg\Gamma^2L^2]$ , $[{\rm sinh}^2(im)\rightarrow]$ $[-\sin^2(m)]$ and so the gain is given by $[G_{{\rm small\,\, gain}}\simeq \Gamma^2L^2\sin c^2\left({\Delta k\cdot L\over 2}\right).\eqno(1.7.3.93)]$ Formula (1.7.3.93) shows that frequencies can be generated around ω_s. The full gain linewidth of the signal, Δω_s, is defined as the linewidth leading to a maximum phase mismatch $[\Delta k=2\pi/L]$ . If we assume that the pump wave linewidth is negligible, i.e. $[\Delta\omega_p=0]$ , it follows, by expanding Δk in a Taylor series around ω_i and ω_s, and by only considering the first order, that $[\left|\Delta\omega_s^{{\rm small\,\,gain}}\right|=\left|\Delta\omega_i^{{\rm small \,\, gain}}\right|\simeq(2\pi/Lb)\eqno(1.7.3.94)]$ with $[b=[1/v_g(\omega_i)]-[1/v_g(\omega_s)]]$ , where $[v_g(\omega)=\partial \omega/\partial k]$ is the group velocity.

This linewidth can be termed intrinsic because it exists even if the pump beam is parallel and has a narrow spectral spread.

For type I, the spectral linewidth of the signal and idler waves is largest at the degeneracy: [b=0] because the idler and signal waves have the same polarization and so the same group velocity at degeneracy, i.e. $[\omega_i= \omega_s= \omega_p/2]$ . In this case, it is necessary to consider the dispersion of the group velocity $[\partial^2\omega/\partial^2k]$ for the calculation of Δω_s and Δω_i. Note that an increase in the crystal length allows a reduction in the linewidth.

For type II, b is never nil, even at degeneracy.

A parametric amplifier placed inside a resonant cavity constitutes an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) (Harris, 1969; Byer, 1973; Brosnan & Byer, 1979; Yang et al., 1993). In this case, it is not necessary to have an incident signal wave because both signal and idler photons can be generated by spontaneous parametric emission, also called parametric noise or parametric scattering (Louisell et al., 1961): when a laser beam at ω_p propagates in a χ⁽²⁾ medium, it is possible for pump photons to spontaneously break down into pairs of lower-energy photons of circular frequencies ω_s and ω_i with the total photon energy conserved for each pair, i.e $[\omega_s+\omega_i=\omega_p]$ . The pairs of generated waves for which the phase-matching condition is satisfied are the only ones to be efficiently coupled by the nonlinear medium. The OPO can be singly resonant (SROPO) at ω_s or ω_i (Yang et al., 1993; Chung & Siegman, 1993), doubly resonant (DROPO) at both ω_s and ω_i (Yang et al., 1993; Breitenbach et al., 1995) or triply resonant (TROPO) (Debuisschert et al., 1993; Scheidt et al., 1995). Two main techniques for the pump injection exist: the pump can propagate through the cavity mirrors, which allows the smallest cavity length; for continuous waves or pulsed waves with a pulsed duration greater than 1 ns, it is possible to increase the cavity length in order to put two 45° mirrors in the cavity for the pump, as shown in Fig. 1.7.3.18. This second technique allows us to use simpler mirror coatings because they are not illuminated by the strong pump beam.

Figure 1.7.3.18 | top | pdf |

Schematic OPO configurations. $[P^{\omega_p}]$ is the pump power. (a) can be a SROPO, DROPO or TROPO and (b) can be a SROPO or DROPO, according to the reflectivity of the cavity mirrors (M₁, M₂).

The only requirement for making an oscillator is that the parametric gain exceeds the losses of the resonator. The minimum intensity above which the OPO has to be pumped for an oscillation is termed the threshold oscillation intensity I_th. The oscillation threshold decreases when the number of resonant frequencies increases: $[I_{\rm th}^{\omega_p}({\rm SROPO})]$ [>] $[I_{\rm th}^{\omega_p}({\rm DROPO})]$ [>] $[I_{\rm th}^{\omega_p}({\rm TROPO})]$ ; on the other hand the instability increases because the condition of simultaneous resonance is critical.

The oscillation threshold of a SROPO or DROPO can be decreased by reflecting the pump from the output coupling mirror M₂ in configuration (a) of Fig. 1.7.3.18 (Marshall & Kaz, 1993). It is necessary to pump an OPO by a beam with a smooth optical profile because hot spots could damage all the optical components in the OPO, including mirrors and nonlinear crystals. A very high beam quality is required with regard to other parameters such as the spectral bandwidth, the pointing stability, the divergence and the pulse duration.

The intensity threshold is calculated by assuming that the pump beam is undepleted. For a phase-matched SROPO, resonant at ω_s or ω_i, and for nanosecond pulsed beams with intensities that are assumed to be constant over one single pass, $[I_{\rm th}^{\omega_p}]$ is given by $[I_{\rm th}^{\omega_p}={1.8\over KL^2(1+\gamma)^2}\left\{{25L\over c\tau}+2\alpha L+Ln\left[{1\over (1-T)^{1/2}}\right]+Ln(2)\right\}^2.\eqno(1.7.3.95)]$ $[K=(\omega_s\omega_i\chi_{\rm eff}^2)/[2n(\omega_s)n(\omega_i)n(\omega_p)\varepsilon_oc^3]]$ ; L is the crystal length; γ is the ratio of the backward to the forward pump intensity; τ is the 1/e² half width duration of the pump beam pulse; and 2α and T are the linear absorption and transmission coefficients at the circular frequency of the resonant wave ω_s or ω_i. In the nanosecond regime, typical values of $[I_{\rm th}^{\omega_p}]$ are in the range 10–100 MW cm⁻².

(1.7.3.95) shows that a small threshold is achieved for long crystal lengths, high effective coefficient and for weak linear losses at the resonant frequency. The pump intensity threshold must be less than the optical damage threshold of the nonlinear crystal, including surface and bulk, and of the dielectric coating of any optical component of the OPO. For example, a SROPO using an 8 mm long KNbO₃ crystal ( $[d_{\rm eff}\simeq 10]$ pm V⁻¹) as a nonlinear crystal was performed with a pump threshold intensity of 65 MW cm⁻²(Unschel et al., 1995): the 3 mm-diameter pump beam was a 10 Hz injection-seeded single-longitudinal-mode Nd:YAG laser at 1.064 µm with a 9 ns pulse of 100 mJ; the SROPO was pumped as in Fig. 1.7.3.18(a) with a cavity length of 12 mm, a mirror M₁ reflecting 100% at the signal, from 1.4 to 2 µm, and a coupling mirror M₂ reflecting 90% at the signal and transmitting 100% at the idler, from 2 to 4 µm.

For increasing pump powers above the oscillation threshold, the idler and signal powers grow with a possible depletion of the pump.

The total signal or idler conversion efficiency from the pump depends on the device design and pump source. The greatest values are obtained with pulsed beams. As an example, 70% peak power conversion efficiency and 65% energy conversion of the pump to both signal (λ_s = 1.61 µm) and idler (λ_i = 3.14 µm) outputs were obtained in a SROPO using a 20 mm long KTP crystal (d_eff = 2.7 pm V⁻¹) pumped by an Nd:YAG laser (λ_p=1.064 µm) for eye-safe source applications (Marshall & Kaz, 1993): the configuration is the same as in Fig. 1.7.3.18(a) where M₁ has high reflection at 1.61 µm and high transmission at 1.064 µm, and M₂ has high reflection at 1.064 µm and a 10% transmission coefficient at 1.61 µm; the Q-switched pump laser produces a 15 ns pulse duration (full width at half maximum), giving a focal intensity around 8 MW cm⁻² per mJ of pulse energy; the energy conversion efficiency from the pump relative to the signal alone was estimated to be 44%.

OPOs can operate in the continuous-wave (cw) or pulsed regimes. Because the threshold intensity is generally high for the usual nonlinear materials, the cw regime requires the use of DROPO or TROPO configurations. However, cw-SROPO can run when the OPO is placed within the pump-laser cavity (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 1999). The SROPO in the classical external pumping configuration, which leads to the most practical devices, runs very well with a pulsed pump beam, i.e. Q-switched laser running in the nanosecond regime and mode-locked laser emitting picosecond or femtosecond pulses. For nanosecond operation, the optical parametric oscillation is ensured by the same pulse, because several cavity round trips of the pump are allowed during the pulse duration. It is not possible in the ultrafast regimes (picosecond or femtosecond). In these cases, it is necessary to use synchronous pumping: the round-trip transit time in the OPO cavity is taken to be equal to the repetition period of the pump pulse train, so that the resonating wave pulse is amplified by successive pump pulses [see for example Ruffing et al. (1998) and Reid et al. (1998)].

OPOs are used for the generation of a fixed wavelength, idler or signal, but have potential for continuous wavelength tuning over a broad range, from the near UV to the mid-IR. The tuning is based on the dispersion of the refractive indices with the wavelength, the direction of propagation, the temperature or any other variable of dispersion. More particularly, the crystal must be phase-matched for DFG over the widest spectral range for a reasonable variation of the dispersion parameter to be used. Several methods are used: variation of the pump wavelength at a fixed direction, fixed temperature etc.; rotation of the crystal at a fixed pump wavelength, fixed temperature etc.; or variation of the crystal temperature at a fixed pump wavelength, fixed direction etc.

We consider here two of the most frequently encountered methods at present: for birefringence phase matching, angle tuning and pump-wavelength tuning; and the case of quasi phase matching.

(i) OPO with angle tuning.

The function of a tunable OPO is to generate the signal and idler waves over a broad range, Δω_s and Δω_i, respectively, from a fixed pump wave at ω_p. The spectral shifts $[\Delta\omega_s=\omega_s^+-\omega_s^-]$ and $[\Delta\omega_i=\omega_i^+-\omega_i^-]$ are obtained by rotating the nonlinear crystal by an angle $[\Delta\alpha=\alpha^+-\alpha^-]$ in order to achieve phase matching over the spectral range considered: $[\omega_pn(\omega_p,\alpha)=]$ $[\omega_in(\omega_i,\alpha)]$ [+] $[\omega_sn(\omega_s,\alpha)]$ with $[\omega_p=\omega_i+\omega_s]$ from $[(\omega_s^+,\omega_i^-,\alpha^\pm)]$ to $[(\omega_s^-,\omega_i^+,\alpha^\mp)]$ , where (−) and (+), respectively, denote the minimum and maximum values of the data considered. Note that $[\Delta\omega_s=-\Delta\omega_i]$ and so $[(\Delta\lambda_i/\lambda_i^+\lambda_i^-)=]$ $[ -(\Delta\lambda_s/\lambda_s^+\lambda_s^-)]$ if the spectral bandwidth of the pump, δω_p, is zero.

In the case of parallelepipedal nonlinear crystals, the tuning rate $[\Delta\omega_{i,s}/\Delta\alpha]$ has to be high because Δα cannot exceed about 30° of arc, i.e. 15° on either side of the direction normal to the plane surface of the nonlinear crystal: in fact, the refraction can lead to an attenuation of the efficiency of the parametric interaction for larger angles. For this reason, a broad-band OPO necessarily requires angular critical phase matching (CPM) directions over a broad spectral range. However, the angular criticality is detrimental to the spectral stability of the signal and idler waves with regard to the pointing fluctuations of the pump beam: a pointing instability of the order of 100 µrad is considered to be acceptable for OPOs based on KTP or BBO crystals. Fig. 1.7.3.19 shows the phase-matching tuning curves λ_i(α) and λ_s(α) for (a) BBO pumped at λ_p = 355 nm and (b) KTP pumped at λ_p = 1064 nm, where $[\alpha=\theta]$ or $[\varphi]$ is an internal angle: the calculations were carried out using the refractive indices given in Kato (1986) for BBO and in Kato (1991) for KTP.

Figure 1.7.3.19 | top | pdf |

Calculated angular tuning curves. θ and $[\varphi]$ are the spherical coordinates of the phase-matching directions. θ^d is the phase-matching angle of the degeneracy process ( $[\lambda_i^d=\lambda_s^d=2\lambda_p]$ ). $[\lambda_i^o]$ and $[\lambda_s^o]$ are the idler and signal wavelengths, respectively, generated at θ^o. Ordinary and extraordinary refer to the polarization.

The divergence of the pump beam may increase the spectral bandwidths δω_s and δω_i: the higher the derivatives $[\partial\lambda_{i,s}/\partial\alpha]$ are, the higher the spectral bandwidths for a given pump divergence are. Furthermore, $[\partial\lambda_{i,s}/\partial\alpha]$ vary as a function of the phase-matching angle α. The derivative is a maximum at the degeneracy $[\lambda_i=\lambda_s=2\lambda_p]$ , when the idler and signal waves are identically polarized: this is the case for BBO as shown in Fig. 1.7.3.19(a). We give another example of a type-I BBO OPO pumped at 308 nm by a narrow-band injection-seeded ultraviolet XeCl excimer laser (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 1990): the spectral bandwidth, expressed in cm⁻¹ $[(\partial\lambda_{i,s}/\lambda_{i,s}^2=\partial\omega_{i,s}/2\pi c)]$ , varies from ~78 cm⁻¹ to ~500 cm⁻¹ for a crystal length of 1.2 cm, corresponding to a signal bandwidth δλ_s ≃ 1.8 nm at 480 nm and δλ_s ≃ 18 nm at 600 nm, respectively. The degeneracy is not a particular situation with respect to the derivative of the phase-matching curve when the idler and signal waves are orthogonally polarized as shown in Fig. 1.7.3.19(b) with the example of KTP.

The way currently used for substantial reduction of the spectral bandwidth is to introduce bandwidth-limiting elements in the OPO cavity, such as a grazing grating associated with a tuning mirror reflecting either the signal or the idler according to the chosen resonant wavelength. The rotations of the nonlinear crystal and of the restricting element have to be synchronized in order to be active over all the wavelength range generated. Narrow bandwidths of about 0.1 cm⁻¹ can be obtained in this way, but the gain of such a device is low. High energy and narrow spectral bandwidth can be obtained at the same time by the association of two OPOs: an OPO pumped at ω_p and without a restricting element inside the cavity is seeded by the idler or signal beam emitted by a narrow spectral bandwidth OPO also pumped at ω_p.

The disadvantages of parallelepipedal crystals can be circumvented by using a nonlinear crystal cut as a cylindrical plate, with the cylinder axis orthogonal to the OPO cavity axis and to the plane of the useful phase-matching directions (Boulanger et al., 1999; Pacaud et al., 2000; Fève, Pacaud et al., 2002). Such a geometry allows us to consider any phase-matching range by rotation of the cylinder around its revolution axis. It is then possible to use interactions with a weak angular tuning rate to reduce the spectral bandwidth and increase the stability of the generated beams. Moreover, the propagation of the beams is at normal incidence for any direction, so collinear phase matching can be maintained, leading to better spatial and spectral transverse profiles. Because of the cylindrical geometry of the nonlinear crystal, it is necessary to focus the pump beam and to collect the signal and idler beams with cylindrical lenses. The cavity mirrors, plane or cylindrical, are then placed between the nonlinear crystal and the lenses. The diameter of the crystal being about a few tenths of a millimetre, the associated focal distance is short, i.e. a few millimetres, which leads to a strong spatial filtering effect, preventing the oscillation of beams with a quality factor [M^2] bigger than about 1.5.

(ii) OPO with a tuning pump.

The nonlinear crystal is fixed and the pump frequency can vary over Δω_p, leading to a variation of the signal and idler frequencies such that $[\Delta\omega_i+\Delta\omega_s=\Delta\omega_p]$ .

In Fig. 1.7.3.20, the example of N-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-propinol (NPP) pumped between 610 and 621 nm is shown (Ledoux et al., 1990; Khodja et al., 1995a). The phase-matching curve λ_i,s(λ_p) is calculated from the Sellmeier equations of Ledoux et al. (1990) for the case of identical polarizations for the signal and idler waves. The tuning rate is a maximum at the degeneracy, as for angular tuning with identical polarizations.

Figure 1.7.3.20 | top | pdf |

Calculated pump wavelength tuning curve. $[\lambda_p^d]$ is the pump wavelength leading to degeneracy for the direction considered ( $[\theta=12.5]$ , $[\varphi=0^\circ]$ ). Ordinary and extraordinary refer to the polarization.

For any configuration of polarization, the most favourable direction of propagation of an OPO with a tuning pump is a principal axis of the index surface, because the phase matching is angular non-critical and so wavelength critical. In this optimal situation, the OPO has a low sensitivity to the divergence and pointing stability of the pump beam; furthermore, the walk-off angle is nil, which provides a higher conversion efficiency.

(iii) Quasi-phase-matched OPO with a tunable periodicity.

In a QPM device, the interacting frequencies are fixed by the frequency dispersion of the birefringence of the nonlinear material and by the periodicity of the grating. A first possibility is to fabricate a series of gratings with different periodicities in the same nonlinear crystal; the translation of this crystal with respect to the fixed pump beam allows us to address the different gratings and thus to generate different couples (ω_s, ω_i). Because the tuning is obtained in discrete steps, it is necessary to combine temperature or angle tuning with the translation of the sample in order to interpolate smoothly between the steps. For example, a device based on a periodically poled LiNbO₃ (ppLN) crystal with a thickness of 0.5 mm and a length along the periodicity vector of 1 cm has been developed (Myers et al., 1996). A total of 25 gratings with periods between 26 and 32 µm were realized in 0.25 µm increments. The OPO was pumped at 1.064 µm and generated a signal between 1.35 and 1.98 µm, with the corresponding idler between 4.83 and 2.30 µm.

Fan-shaped gratings have been demonstrated as an alternative approach for continuous tuning (Powers et al., 1998). However, such a structure has the disadvantage of introducing large spectral heterogeneity to the generated beams, because the grating period is not constant over the pump beam diameter.

Finally, the most satisfactory alternative for continuous tuning is the use of a cylindrical crystal with one single grating (Fève et al., 2001). The variations of the signal and idler wavelengths are then obtained by rotation of the cylinder around its revolution axis, which is orthogonal to the OPO cavity axis and to the plane containing the frame vector $[\Lambda]$ . For a direction of propagation making an angle $[\alpha]$ with $[\Lambda]$ , the effective period of the grating as seen by the collinear interacting wavevectors is $[\Lambda_{\alpha}=(\Lambda/\cos\alpha)]$ , leading to a continuous spectral tuning. For example, a rotation over an $[\alpha]$ range of 26° of a ppKTP cylinder pumped at 1064 nm leads to a signal tuning range of 520 nm, between 1515 and 2040 nm, while the corresponding idler is tuned over 1340 nm, between 2220 and 3560 nm.

For an overview of OPO and OPA, the reader may refer to the following special issues of the Journal of the Optical Society of America B: (1993), 10(9), 1656–1794; (1993), 10(11), 2148–2239 and (1995), 12(11), 2084–2310; and to the Handbook of Optics devoted to OPO (Ebrahimzadeh & Dunn, 2000).

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. D. ch. 1.7, pp. 208-212

Section 1.7.3.3.5.3. DFG () with undepletion at – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)

1.7.3.3.5.3. DFG () with undepletion at – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)

References

Section 1.7.3.3.5.3. DFG ( $[\omega_p-\omega_s=\omega_i]$ ) with undepletion at $[\omega_p]$ – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)

1.7.3.3.5.3. DFG ( $[\omega_p-\omega_s=\omega_i]$ ) with undepletion at $[\omega_p]$ – optical parametric amplification (OPA), optical parametric oscillation (OPO)