International Tables for Crystallography

Access to online content requires a licence


You have followed a link to material from the 2012 edition of International Tables for Crystallography Volume F. If you would like to update your licence to include this material please contact support@iucr.org. If you have a licence for the 2006 edition of this volume please follow the link below to access material from it:

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. F, Section 15.2.1
Model phases: probabilities, bias and maps
R. J. Read. International Tables for Crystallography (2012). Vol. F, ch. 15.2, pp. 401-406  [ doi:10.1107/97809553602060000848 ]

Abstract

The optimal use of model phase information requires an estimate of its reliability, specifically the probability that various values of the phase angle are true. This chapter covers the importance of phase in model bias; structure-factor probability relationships; figure-of-merit weighting for model phases; map coefficients to reduce model bias; difference-map coefficients; refinement bias; and maximium-likelihood structure refinement.


Access, prices and ordering

International Tables for Crystallography is available online as a full set of volumes through Wiley.

set

If you have already registered and are using a computer listed in your registration details, please email support@iucr.org for assistance.

About International Tables for Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography is the definitive resource and reference work for crystallography. The multi-volume series comprises articles and tables of data relevant to crystallographic research and to applications of crystallographic methods in all sciences concerned with the structure and properties of materials.