International
Tables for
Crystallography
Volume C
Mathematical, physical and chemical tables
Edited by E. Prince

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. C. ch. 2.6, pp. 89-112
https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000581

Chapter 2.6. Small-angle techniques

O. Glattera and R. Mayb

a Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria, and bInstitut Laue–Langevin, Avenue des Martyrs, BP 156X, F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX, France

References

First citation Abragam, A., Bacchella, C. L., Coustham, J., Glättli, H., Fourmond, M., Malinowski, A., Meriel, P., Pinot, M. & Roubeau, A. (1982). The interest in spin dependent nuclear scattering amplitudes. J. Phys. (Paris), 43(C7), 373–381.Google Scholar
First citation Alefeld, B., Schwahn, D. & Springer, T. (1989). New developments of small angle neutron scattering instruments with focusing. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, A274, 210–216.Google Scholar
First citation Anderegg, J. W., Beeman, W. W., Shulman, S. & Kaesberg, P. J. (1955). An investigation of the size, shape and hydration of serum albumin by small-angle X-ray scattering. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2927–2937.Google Scholar
First citation Bacon, G. E. (1975). Neutron diffraction. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
First citation Bayvel, L. P. & Jones, A. R. (1981). Electromagnetic scattering and its applications. London: Applied Science Publishers.Google Scholar
First citation Benoit, H. & Wippler, C. (1960). Répartition angulaire de la lumière diffusée par une solution de copolymères. J. Chim. Phys. 57, 524–527.Google Scholar
First citation Bonse, U. & Hart, M. (1965). An X-ray interferometer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 6, 155–156.Google Scholar
First citation Bonse, U. & Hart, M. (1966). Small-angle X-ray scattering by spherical particles of polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene. Z. Phys. 189, 151–162.Google Scholar
First citation Bonse, U. & Hart, M. (1967). In Small-angle X-ray scattering, edited by H. Brumberger. New York: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
First citation Boothroyd, A. T. (1989). The effect of gravity on the resolution of small-angle neutron scattering. J. Appl. Cryst. 22, 252–255.Google Scholar
First citation Bracewell, R. (1986). Fourier transform and its applications. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
First citation Bragg, W. L. & Perutz, M. F. (1952). The external form of the haemoglobin molecule. I. Acta Cryst. 5, 277–283.Google Scholar
First citation Brumberger, H. (1967). Small-angle X-ray scattering. New York: Gordon and Breach.Google Scholar
First citation Capel, M. S., Engelman, D. M., Freeborn, B. R., Kjeldgaard, M., Langer, J. A., Ramakrishnan, V., Schindler, D. G., Schneider, D. K., Schoenborn, B. P., Sillers, I.-Y., Yabuki, S. & Moore, P. B. (1987). A complete mapping of the proteins in the small ribosomal subunit of Escherichia coli. Science, 238, 1403–1406. Google Scholar
First citation Chen, S. H., Sheu, E. Y., Kalus, J. & Hoffmann, H. (1988). Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of correlations in charged macromolecular and supramolecular solutions. J. Appl. Cryst. 21, 751–769.Google Scholar
First citation Cleemann, J. C. & Kratky, O. (1960). Grösse, Gestalt und Solvatation des Edestinmoleküls aus dem Studium der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung. Z. Naturforsch. Teil B, 15, 525–535.Google Scholar
First citation Cusack, S. (1984). Neutron scattering studies of virus structure. Neutrons in biology; basic life sciences, Vol. 27, edited by B. P. Schoenborn, pp. 173–188. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
First citation Cusack, S., Mellema, J. E., Krijgsman, P. C. J. & Miller, A. (1981). An investigation of the structure of alfalfa mosaic virus by small-angle neutron scattering. J. Mol. Biol. 145, 525–543. Google Scholar
First citation Damaschun, G., Damaschun, H., Müller, J. J., Ruckpaul, K. & Zinke, M. (1974). Vergleich der Struktur von Proteinen im Kristall und in Lösung; Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen mittels der Röntgen-Klein-winkelstreuung am Hämoglobin. Stud. Biophys. 47, 27–39.Google Scholar
First citation Damaschun, G., Gernat, C., Damaschun, H., Bychkova, V. E. & Ptitsyn, O. B. (1986). Comparison of intramolecular packing of a protein in native and `molten globule' states. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 8, 226–230.Google Scholar
First citation Damaschun, G. & Pürschel, H.-V. (1971a). Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung von isotropen Proben ohne Fernordnung. I. Allgemeine Theorie. Acta Cryst. A27, 193–197.Google Scholar
First citation Damaschun, G. & Pürschel, H. V. (1971b). Berechnung von Streumassenradien aus unverschmierten und spaltverschmierten Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreukurven. Monatsh. Chem. 102, 1146–1155.Google Scholar
First citation Debye, P. (1915). Zerstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig), 46, 809–823.Google Scholar
First citation Debye, P. & Bueche, A. M. (1949). Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. J. Appl. Phys. 20, 518–525.Google Scholar
First citation Debye, P. & Menke, H. (1930). Bestimmung der inneren Struktur von Flüssigkeiten mit Röntgenstrahlen. Phys. Z. 31, 797–798.Google Scholar
First citation Eisenberg, H. (1981). Forward scattering of light, X-rays and neutrons. Q. Rev. Biophys. 14, 141–172.Google Scholar
First citation Engelman, D. M. & Moore, P. B. (1972). A new method for the determination of biological quaternary structure by neutron scattering. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 69, 1997–1999.Google Scholar
First citation Fedorov, B. A. & Denesyuk, A. I. (1978). Large-angle X-ray diffuse scattering, a new method for investigating changes in the conformation of globular proteins in solution. J. Appl. Cryst. 11, 473–477.Google Scholar
First citation Fedorov, B. A., Ptitsyn, O. B. & Voronin, L. A. (1972). X-ray diffuse scattering of globular protein solutions: consideration of the solvent influence. FEBS Lett. 28, 188–190.Google Scholar
First citation Fedorov, B. A., Ptitsyn, O. B. & Voronin, L. A. (1974a). Small-angle X-ray scattering of native hog thyroglobulin. J. Appl. Cryst. 7, 181.Google Scholar
First citation Fedorov, B. A., Ptitsyn, O. B. & Voronin, L. A. (1974b). X-ray diffuse scattering by polypeptides and proteins in solution. IV. Consideration of the solvent effect for globular protein solutions. Mol. Biol. (Moscow), 8, 693–709.Google Scholar
First citation Feigin, L. A. & Svergun, D. I. (1987). Structure analysis by small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar
First citation Gernat, C., Damaschun, G., Kröber, R., Bychkova, V. E. & Ptitsyn, O. B. (1986). Large-angle diffuse X-ray scattering from a homopolypeptide and some proteins. Stud. Biophys. 112, 213–219.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1972). X-ray small angle scattering of molecules composed of subunits. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 36, 307–315.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1977a). Data evaluation in small-angle scattering: calculation of the radial electron density distribution by means of indirect Fourier transformation. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 47, 83–102.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1977b). A new method for the evaluation of small-angle scattering data. J. Appl. Cryst. 10, 415–421.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1979). The interpretation of real-space information from small-angle scattering experiments. J. Appl. Cryst. 12, 166–175.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1980a). Evaluation of small-angle scattering data from lamellar and cylindrical particles by the indirect transformation method. J. Appl. Cryst. 13, 577–584.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1980b). Determination of particle-size distribution functions from small-angle scattering data by means of the indirect transformation method. J. Appl. Cryst. 13, 7–11.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1980c). Computation of distance distribution functions and scattering functions of models for small-angle scattering experiments. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 52, 243–256.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1981). Convolution square root of band-limited symmetrical functions and its application to small-angle scattering data. J. Appl. Cryst. 14, 101–108.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1982a). In Small angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 4. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1982b). In Small angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 5. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. (1988). Comparison of two different methods for direct structure analysis from small-angle scattering data. J. Appl. Cryst. 21, 886–890.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. & Hainisch, B. (1984). Improvements in real-space deconvolution of small-angle scattering data. J. Appl. Cryst. 17, 435–441.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. & Hofer, M. (1988a). Interpretation of elastic light-scattering data in real space. II. Nonspherical and inhomogeneous monodisperse systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 112, 484–495.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. & Hofer, M. (1988b). Interpretation of elastic light-scattering data. III. Determination of size distributions of polydisperse systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 122, 496–506.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O., Hofer, M., Jorde, C. & Eigner, W.-D. (1985). Interpretation of elastic light-scattering data in real space. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 105, 577–586.Google Scholar
First citation Glatter, O. & Kratky, O. (1982). Editors. Small angle X-ray scattering. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Goodisman, J. (1980). The correlation function, intersect distribution and scattering from a cube. J. Appl. Cryst. 13, 132–134.Google Scholar
First citation Greville, T. N. E. (1969). Theory and applications of spline functions. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Guinier, A. (1939). La diffraction des rayons X aux très petits angles: application à l'étude de phénomènes ultramicroscopiques. Ann. Phys. (Paris), 12, 161–237.Google Scholar
First citation Guinier, A. (1968). Small-angle scattering. International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, Vol. III, 2nd ed., edited by C. H. MacGillavry & G. D. Rieck, pp. 324–329. Birmingham: Kynoch Press.Google Scholar
First citation Guinier, A. & Fournet, G. (1955). Small angle scattering of X-rays. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
First citation Hayter, J. B. (1985). Determination of the structure and dynamics of micellar solutions by neutron small-angle scattering. Physics of amphiphiles: micelles, vesicles and micro-emulsions, edited by V. Degiorgio & M. Corti, pp. 59–93. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
First citation Hayter, J. B. & Penfold, J. (1981). An analytic structure factor for macro-ion solutions. Mol. Phys. 42, 109–118.Google Scholar
First citation Heidorn, D. B. & Trewhella, J. (1988). Comparison of the crystal and solution structures of calmodulin and troponin C. Biochemistry, 27, 909–915.Google Scholar
First citation Heine, S., Kratky, O. & Roppert, J. (1962). Lichstreuung und Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von statistisch verknäuelter. Fadenmolekülen, berechnet nach der Monte Carlo Methode. Makromol. Chem. 56, 150–168.Google Scholar
First citation Hendricks, R. W. (1978). The ORNL 10-meter small-angle X-ray scattering camera. J. Appl. Cryst. 11, 15–30.Google Scholar
First citation Hendrix, J. (1985). Position-sensitive X-ray detectors. Adv. Polym. Sci. 67, 59–98.Google Scholar
First citation Hjelm, R. P. (1988). The resolution of TOF low-Q diffractometers: instrumental, data acquisition and reduction factors. J. Appl. Cryst. 21, 618–628.Google Scholar
First citation Hofer, M., Schurz, J. & Glatter, O. (1989). Oil–water emulsions: particle size distributions from elastic light-scattering data. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 127, 147–155. Google Scholar
First citation Holmes, K. C. (1982). In Small angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 3.II. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Hoppe, W. (1972). A new X-ray method for the determination of the quaternary structure of protein complexes. Isr. J. Chem. 10, 321–333.Google Scholar
First citation Hoppe, W. (1973). The `label triangulation' method and the `mixed isomorphous replacement' principle. J. Mol. Biol. 78, 581–585.Google Scholar
First citation Hosemann, R. & Bagchi, S. N. (1952). Existenzbeweis für eine eindeutige Röntgenstrukturanalyse durch Entfaltung. I. Entfaltung zentrosymmetrischer endlicher Massenverteilungen. Acta Cryst. 5, 749–762.Google Scholar
First citation Hosemann, R. & Bagchi, S. N. (1962). Direct analysis of diffraction by matter. Amsterdam: North-Holland.Google Scholar
First citation Hubbard, S. T., Hodgson, K. O. & Doniach, S. (1988). Small-angle X-ray scattering investigation of the solution structure of troponin C. J. Biol Chem. 263, 4151–4158.Google Scholar
First citation I'anson, K. J., Bacon, J. R., Lambert, N., Miles, M. J., Morris,V. J., Wright, D. J. & Nave, C. (1987). Synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray scattering of glycinin solutions. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 9, 368–370.Google Scholar
First citation Ibel, K. (1976). The neutron small-angle camera D11 at the high-flux reactor, Grenoble. J. Appl. Cryst. 9, 296–309.Google Scholar
First citation Ibel, K. & Stuhrmann, H. B. (1975). Comparison of neutron and X-ray scattering of dilute myoglobin solutions. J. Mol. Biol. 93, 255–265.Google Scholar
First citation Jacrot, B. (1976). The study of biological structures by neutron scattering from solution. Rep. Prog. Phys. 10, 911–953.Google Scholar
First citation Jacrot, B. & Zaccai, G. (1981). Determination of molecular weight by neutron scattering. Biopolymers, 20, 2413–2426.Google Scholar
First citation Janot, C. & George, B. (1985). Surface states and magnetic heterogeneity in iron-based glasses. J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 46, L85–L88.Google Scholar
First citation Kirste, R. G. & Oberthür, R. C. (1982). In Small angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 12. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Knoll, W., Schmidt, K. & Ibel, K. (1985). The inverse contrast variation in small-angle neutron scattering: a sensitive technique for the evaluation of lipid phase diagrams. J. Appl. Cryst. 18, 65–70.Google Scholar
First citation Knop, W., Nierhaus, K. H., Nowotny, V., Niinikoski, T. O., Krumpolc, M., Rieubland, J. M., Rijlart, A., Schärpf, O., Schink, H.-J., Stuhrmann, H. B. & Wagner, R. (1986). Polarised neutron scattering from dynamic polarised targets of biological origin. Helv. Phys. Acta, 59, 741–746.Google Scholar
First citation Koch, M. H. J. (1988). Instruments and methods for small-angle scattering with synchrotron radiation. Macromol. Symp. 15, 79–90.Google Scholar
First citation Kostorz, G. (1979). Small-angle scattering and its applications to materials science. Treatise on materials science and technology, Vol. 15, edited by G. Kostorz, pp. 227–289. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Kostorz, G. (1988). Small-angle neutron scattering – metallurgical applications. Materials science forum, Vols. 27/28, edited by M. M. Elcombe & T. J. Hicks, pp. 325–344. Aedermannsdorf, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. (1982a). In Small angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 3.I. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. (1982b). In Small angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 11. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. & Leopold, H. (1970). A comparison between Bonse–Hart and the block collimation system. Makromol. Chem. 133, 181–195.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. & Porod, G. (1948). Die Abhängigkeit der Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung von Form und Grösse der kolloider Teilchen in verdünnten Systemen. III. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 2, 133–147.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. & Porod, G. (1949). Röntgenuntersuchung gelöster Fadenmoleküle. Recl Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 68 1106–1122.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. & Porod, G. (1953). In Die Physik der Hochpolymere, Vol. II, edited by H. A. Stuart. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O., Porod, G. & Kahovec, L. (1951). Einige Neuerungen in der Technik und Auswertung von Röntgen-Kleinwinkelmessungen. Z. Elektrochem. 55, 53–59.Google Scholar
First citation Kratky, O. & Worthmann, W. (1947). Über die Bestimmbarkeit der Konfiguration gelöster organischer Moleküle durch interferometrische Vermessung mit Röntgenstrahlen. Monatsh. Chem. 76, 263–281.Google Scholar
First citation Krigbaum, W. R. & Kügler, F. R. (1970). Molecular conformation of egg-white lysozyme and bovine-lactalbumin in solution. Biochemistry, 9, 1216–1223.Google Scholar
First citation Laggner, P. (1982). In Small-angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 10. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Langridge, R., Marvin, D. A., Seeds, W. E., Wilson, H. R., Cooper, C. W., Wilkins, M. H. F. & Hamilton, L. D. (1960). The molecular configuration of deoxyribonucleic acid. J. Mol. Biol. 2, 38–62.Google Scholar
First citation Leopold, H. (1982). In Small-angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 3.III. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Lindner, P., May, R. P. & Timmins, P. A. (1992). Upgrading the SANS instrument D11 at the ILL. Physica (Utrecht), B180–181, 967–972.Google Scholar
First citation Lindner, P. & Oberthür, R. C. (1985). Shear induced deformation of polystyrene coils in dilute solution from small angle neutron scattering. 1. Shear gradient apparatus and first results. Colloid Polym. Sci. 263, 443–453.Google Scholar
First citation Lindner, P. & Oberthür, R. C. (1988). Shear-induced deformation of polystyrene coils in dilute solution from small angle neutron scattering. 2. Variation of shear gradient, molecular mass and solvent viscosity. Colloid Polym. Sci., 263, 443–453.Google Scholar
First citation Luzzati, V. (1960). Interprétation des mesures absolues de diffusion centrale des rayons X en collimation ponctuelle ou linéaire: solutions de particules globulaires et de batonnets. Acta Cryst. 13, 939–945.Google Scholar
First citation Luzzati, V., Tardieu, A., Mateu, L. & Stuhrmann, H. B. (1976). Structure of human serum lipoprotein in solution. I. Theory and techniques of an X-ray scattering approach using solvents of variable density. J. Mol. Biol. 101, 115–127.Google Scholar
First citation May, R. P., Ibel, K. & Haas, J. (1982). The forward scattering of cold neutrons by mixtures of light and heavy water. J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 15–19.Google Scholar
First citation May, R. P. & Nowotny, V. (1989). Distance information derived from neutron low-Q scattering. J. Appl. Cryst. 22, 231–237.Google Scholar
First citation Mittelbach, P. (1964). Zur Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung verdünnter kolloider Systeme. VIII. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 19, 53–102.Google Scholar
First citation Mittelbach, P. & Porod, G. (1961a). Zur Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung verdünnter kolloider Systeme. Die Berechnung der Streukurven von Parallelepipeden. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 14, 185–211.Google Scholar
First citation Mittelbach, P. & Porod, G. (1961b). Zur Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung verdünnter kolloider Systeme. VI. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 14, 405.Google Scholar
First citation Mittelbach, P. & Porod, G. (1962). Zur Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung verdünnter kolloider Systeme. VII. Die Berechnung der Streukurven von dreiachsigen Ellipsoiden. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 15, 122–147.Google Scholar
First citation Mittelbach, P. & Porod, G. (1965). Zur Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung verdünnter kolloider Systeme. Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 202, 40–49.Google Scholar
First citation Moore, P. B. (1980). Small-angle scattering. Information content and error analysis. J. Appl. Cryst. 13, 168–175.Google Scholar
First citation Müller, J. J., Damaschun, G., Damaschun, H., Misselwitz, R., Zirwer, D. & Nothnagel, A. (1984). X-ray scattering evidence that calf thymus DNA in solution is a double helix and not a warped zipper. Biomed. Biochim. Acta, 43, 929–936. Google Scholar
First citation Müller, J. J., Damaschun, G. & Schrauber, H. (1990). The highly resolved excess electron distance distribution of biopolymers in solution – calculation from intermediate-angle X-ray scattering and interpretation. J. Appl. Cryst. 23, 26–34.Google Scholar
First citation Müller, K. & Glatter, O. (1982). Practical aspects of the use of indirect Fourier transformation methods. Makromol. Chem. 183, 465–479.Google Scholar
First citation Nierhaus, K. H., Lietzke, R., May, R. P., Nowotny, V., Schulze, H., Simpson, K., Wurmbach, P. & Stuhrmann, H. B. (1983). Shape determination of ribosomal proteins in situ. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 2889–2893.Google Scholar
First citation Ninio, J. & Luzzati, V. (1972). Comparative small-angle X-ray scattering studies on unacylated, acylated and cross-linked Escherichia coli transfer [RNA^{Val}_1]. J. Mol. Biol. 71, 217–229.Google Scholar
First citation Pavlov, M. Yu. & Serdyuk, I. N. (1987). Three-isotropic substitutions method in small-angle neutron scattering. J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 105–110.Google Scholar
First citation Pedersen, J. S., Posselt, D. & Mortensen, K. (1990). Analytical treatment of the resolution function for small-angle scattering. J. Appl. Cryst. 23, 321–333.Google Scholar
First citation Pessen, H., Kumosinski, T. F. & Timasheff, S. N. (1973). Small-angle X-ray scattering. Methods Enzymol. 27, 151–209.Google Scholar
First citation Pilz, I. (1982). In Small-angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 8. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Pilz, I., Glatter, O. & Kratky, O. (1980). Small-angle X-ray scattering. Methods Enzymol. 61, 148–249.Google Scholar
First citation Pilz, I., Glatter, O., Kratky, O. & Moring-Claesson, O. (1972). Röntgenkleinwinkelstudien über die Substruktur von Helix pomatia Hämocyanin. Z. Naturforsch. Teil B, 27, 518.Google Scholar
First citation Pilz, I., Goral, K., Hoylaerts, M., Witters, R. & Lontie, R. (1980). Studies by small-angle X-ray scattering of the quaternary structure of the 24-S component of the haemocyanin of Astacus leptodactylus in solution. Eur. J. Biochem. 105, 539–543.Google Scholar
First citation Porod, G. (1948). Die Abhängigkeit der Röntgen-Kleinwinkelstreuung von Form und Grösse der kolloiden Teilchen in verdünnten Systemen. IV. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 2, 255–292.Google Scholar
First citation Porod, G. (1949). Zusammenhang zwischen mittlerem Endpunktsabstand und Kettenlänge bei Fadenmolekülen. Monatsh. Chem. 80, 251–255.Google Scholar
First citation Porod, G. (1951). Die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von dichtgepackten kolloiden Systemen. I. Kolloid Z. 124, 83–114.Google Scholar
First citation Porod, G. (1952). Die Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung von dichtgepackten kolloiden Systemen. II. Kolloid Z. 125, 51–122.Google Scholar
First citation Porod, G. (1982). In Small-angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 2. London: Academic Press. Google Scholar
First citation Ritland, H. N., Kaesberg, P. & Beeman, W. W. (1950). Double crystal and slit methods in small angle X-ray scattering. J. Appl. Phys. 21, 838–841.Google Scholar
First citation Ruckpaul, K., Damaschun, G., Damaschun, H., Dimitrov, D. P., Jänig, G. R., Müller, J. J., Pürschel, H.-V. & Behlke, J. (1973). Der Einfluss verschiedener Pufferionen auf die Funktion und Struktur von adultem menschlichen Hämoglobin. Acta Biol. Med. Germ. 31, 679–690.Google Scholar
First citation Sadler, D. M. & Worcester, D. L. (1982). Neutron diffraction studies of oriented photosynthetic membranes. J. Mol. Biol. 159, 467–484.Google Scholar
First citation Salva-Ghilarducci, A., Simon, J. P., Guyot, P. & Ansara, I. (1983). Precipitation in ternary Al–Zn–Ag alloys studied by isotropic contrast in neutron small angle scattering. Acta Metall. 31, 1705–1713.Google Scholar
First citation Schelten, J. & Hossfeld, F. (1971). Application of spline functions to the correction of resolution errors in small-angle scattering. J. Appl. Cryst. 4, 210–223.Google Scholar
First citation Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
First citation Stasiecki, P. & Stuhrmann, H. B. (1978). Röntgenkleinstwinkelstreuung an Erythrocyten. J. Appl. Cryst. 11, 1–5.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B. (1970a). Interpretation of small-angle scattering functions of dilute solutions and gases. A representation of the structures related to a one-particle-scattering function. Acta Cryst. A26, 297–306.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B. (1970b). Ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Oberflächenform und der inneren Struktur von gelösten globulären Proteinen aus Röntgenkleinwinkelmessungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 72, 177–184.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B. (1970c). Die Bestimmung der Oberflächenform von gelöstem Myoglobin aus Röntgenkleinwinkelmessungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 72, 185–198.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B. (1978). The use of X-ray synchrotron radiation for structural research in biology. Rev. Biophys. 11, 71–98. Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B. (1982). In Small-angle X-ray scattering, edited by O. Glatter & O. Kratky, Chap. 6. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B., Haas, J., Ibel, K., de Wolf, B., Koch, M. H. J., Parfait, R. & Crichton, R. R. (1976). New low resolution model for 50S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 73, 2379–2383.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B. & Kirste, R. G. (1965). Elimination der intrapartikulären Untergrundstreuung bei der Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung an kompakten Teilchen (Proteinen). Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge, 46, 247–250.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B., Koch, M. H. J., Parfait, J., Haas, J., Ibel, K. & Crichton, R. R. (1977). Shape of the 50S subunit of Escherichia coli ribosomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 74, 2316–2320.Google Scholar
First citation Stuhrmann, H. B., Schärpf, O., Krumpolc, M., Niinikoski, T. O., Rieubland, M. & Rijllart, A. (1986). Dynamic nuclear polarisation of nuclear matter. Eur. Biophys. J. 14, 1–6.Google Scholar
First citation Svergun, D. I., Feigin, L. A. & Schedrin, B. M. (1982). Small-angle scattering: direct structure analysis. Acta Cryst. A38, 827–835. Google Scholar
First citation Svergun, D. I., Feigin, L. A. & Schedrin, B. M. (1984). The solution of the one-dimensional sign problem for Fourier transforms. Acta Cryst. A40, 137–142.Google Scholar
First citation Tikhonov, A. N. & Arsenin, V. Ya. (1977). Solution of ill-posed problems. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
First citation Timmins, P. A. & Zaccai, G. (1988). Low resolution structures of biological complexes studied by neutron scattering. Eur. Biophys. J. 15, 257–268.Google Scholar
First citation Walter, G., Kranold, R. & Becherer, G. (1974). Zu Problemen der Ver- und Entschmierung von Röntgen-Kleinwinkel-Streukurven. Stud. Biophys. 47, 49–62.Google Scholar
First citation Wignall, G. D. (1987). Neutron scattering. Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, Vol. 10, 2nd ed., edited by J. I. Kroschwitz, pp. 112–184. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
First citation Wignall, G. D. & Bates, F. S. (1987). Absolute calibration of small-angle neutron scattering data. J. Appl. Cryst. 20, 28–40.Google Scholar
First citation Wignall, G. D., Christen, D. K. & Ramakrishnan, V. (1988). Instrumental resolution effects in small-angle neutron scattering. J. Appl. Cryst. 21, 438–451.Google Scholar
First citation Witz, J. (1983). Contrast variation of the small-angle neutron scattering of globular particles: the influence of hydrogen exchange. Acta Cryst. A39, 706–711.Google Scholar
First citation Zaccai, G. & Jacrot, B. (1983). Small angle neutron scattering. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. 12, 139–157.Google Scholar
First citation Zaccai, G., Wachtel, E. & Eisenberg, H. (1986). Solution structure of halophilic malate dehydrogenase from small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering and ultracentrifugation. J. Mol. Biol. 190, 97–106.Google Scholar
First citation Zernicke, F. & Prins, J. A. (1927). Die Beugung von Röntgenstrahlen in Flüssigkeiten als Effekt der Molekülanordnung. Z. Phys. 41, 184–194.Google Scholar
First citation Zipper, P. (1969). Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Monochromatisierung von Streukurven. Acta Phys. Austriaca, 30, 143–151.Google Scholar