International Tables for Crystallography

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Scattering methods for disordered heterogeneous materials
A. J. Allen. International Tables for Crystallography (2019). Vol. H, ch. 5.8, pp. 673-696  [ doi:10.1107/97809553602060000973 ]

Abstract

The use of small- and wide-angle scattering (SAS and WAS) methods to characterize amorphous or disordered heterogeneous materials is described. Quantitative materials microstructure characterization using small-angle scattering is emphasized. While these techniques can be applied to all heterogeneous materials, whether disordered, completely amorphous or crystalline, the presence of heterogeneity generally implies disorder in the material system as a whole, and it is demonstrated how small-angle scattering should be applied as the principal diffraction-based technique. Details are provided regarding the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to study heterogeneous disordered materials. The chapter includes information on how the techniques should be applied, how the data should be interpreted using appropriate models and the kind of quantitative information ultimately obtainable. Finally, `liquids/amorphous' and total-scattering methods to provide structure information when short-range order is present in a disordered material are discussed.


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About International Tables for Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography is the definitive resource and reference work for crystallography. The multi-volume series comprises articles and tables of data relevant to crystallographic research and to applications of crystallographic methods in all sciences concerned with the structure and properties of materials.