International
Tables for Crystallography Volume D Physical properties of crystals Edited by A. Authier © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. D. ch. 1.1, p. 31
Section 1.1.5.1. Isothermal study
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The energy of a system is the sum of all the forms of energy: thermal, mechanical, electrical etc. Let us consider a system whose only variables are these three. For a small variation of the associated extensive parameters, the variation of the internal energy is where Θ is the temperature and σ is the entropy; there is summation over all dummy indices; an orthonormal frame is assumed and variance is not apparent. The mechanical energy of deformation is given by (see Section 1.3.2.8 ). Let us consider the Gibbs free-energy function defined by Differentiation of gives The extensive parameters are therefore partial derivatives of the free energy: Each of these quantities may be expanded by performing a further differentiation in terms of the intensive parameters, , and Θ. We have, to the first order, To a first approximation, the partial derivatives may be considered as constants, and the above relations may be integrated: This set of equations is the equivalent of relation (1.1.1.6) of Section 1.1.1.3, which gives the coefficients of the matrix of physical properties. These coefficients are:
In a similar way,
Remark . The piezoelectric effect, namely the existence of an electric polarization P under an applied stress, is always measured at zero applied electric field and at constant temperature. The second equation of (1.1.5.1) becomes under these circumstancesRemark. Equations (1.1.5.1) are, as has been said, first-order approximations because we have assumed the partial derivatives to be constants. Actually, this approximation is not correct, and in many cases it is necessary to take into account the higher-order terms as, for instance, in: