International
Tables for Crystallography Volume D Physical properties of crystals Edited by A. Authier © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. D. ch. 1.3, pp. 73-74
Section 1.3.1.2.5. Quadric of elongations
a
Institut de Minéralogie et de la Physique des Milieux Condensés, Bâtiment 7, 140 rue de Lourmel, 75015 Paris, France, and bLaboratoire de Physique des Milieux Condensés, Université P. et M. Curie, 75252 Paris CEDEX 05, France |
Let us project the displacement vector on the position vector OP (Fig. 1.3.1.2), and let be this projection. The elongation is the quantity defined by where , , are the components of r. The elongation is the relative variation of the length of the vector r in the deformation. Let A and S be the antisymmetric and symmetric parts of M, respectively:
Only the symmetric part of M occurs in the expression of the elongation:
The geometrical study of the elongation as a function of the direction of r is facilitated by introducing the quadric associated with M: where is a constant. This quadric is called the quadric of elongations, Q. S is a symmetric matrix with three real orthogonal eigenvectors and three real eigenvalues, , , . If it is referred to these axes, equation (1.3.1.7) is reduced to
One can discuss the form of the quadric according to the sign of the eigenvalues :
In order to follow the variations of the elongation with the orientation of the position vector, one associates with r a vector y, which is parallel to it and is defined by where k is a constant. It can be seen that, in accordance with (1.3.1.6) and (1.3.1.7), the expression of the elongation in terms of y is
Thus, the elongation is inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector of the quadric of elongations parallel to OP. In practice, it is necessary to look for the intersection p of the parallel to OP drawn from the centre O of the quadric of elongations (Fig. 1.3.1.3a):
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Equally, one can connect the displacement vector directly with the quadric Q. Using the bilinear form the gradient of , , has as components
One recognizes the components of the displacement vector u, which is therefore parallel to the normal to the quadric Q at the extremity of the radius vector Op parallel to r.
The directions of the principal axes of Q correspond to the extremal values of y, i.e. to the stationary values (maximal or minimal) of the elongation. These values are the principal elongations.
If the deformation is a pure rotation Hence we have
The quadric Q is a cylinder of revolution having the axis of rotation as axis.