International
Tables for Crystallography Volume B Reciprocal space Edited by U. Shmueli © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. B. ch. 5.1, pp. 539-540
Section 5.1.3.5. Pendellösung and extinction distances
a
Laboratoire de Minéralogie-Cristallographie, Université P. et M. Curie, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris CEDEX 05, France |
This length plays a very important role in the dynamical theory of diffraction by both perfect and deformed crystals. For example, it is 15.3 µm for the 220 reflection of silicon, with Mo Kα radiation and a symmetric reflection.
In transmission geometry, it gives the period of the interference between the two excited wavefields which constitutes the Pendellösung effect first described by Ewald (1917) (see Section 5.1.6.3); in this case is called the Pendellösung distance, denoted hereafter. Its geometrical interpretation, in the zero-absorption case, is the inverse of the diameter of the dispersion surface in a direction defined by the cosines and with respect to the reflected and incident directions, respectively (Fig. 5.1.3.4). It reduces to the inverse of (5.1.2.23) in the symmetric case.
In reflection geometry, it gives the absorption distance in the total-reflection domain and is called the extinction distance, denoted (see Section 5.1.7.1). Its geometrical interpretation in the zero-absorption case is the inverse of the length , Fig. 5.1.3.5.
In a deformed crystal, if distortions are of the order of the width of the rocking curve over a distance , the crystal is considered to be slightly deformed, and ray theory (Penning & Polder, 1961; Kato, 1963, 1964a,b) can be used to describe the propagation of wavefields. If the distortions are larger, new wavefields may be generated by interbranch scattering (Authier & Balibar, 1970) and generalized dynamical diffraction theory such as that developed by Takagi (1962, 1969) should be used.
Using (5.1.3.8), expressions (5.1.3.5) and (5.1.3.6) can be rewritten in the very useful form:
The order of magnitude of the Darwin width 2δ ranges from a fraction of a second of an arc to ten or more seconds, and increases with increasing wavelength and increasing structure factor. For example, for the 220 reflection of silicon and Cu Kα radiation, it is 5.2 seconds.
References
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