Ceramic materials

Wong-Ng, W.

doi:10.1107/97809553602060000982

International Tables for Crystallography (2019). Vol. H. ch. 7.8, pp. 804-827
https://doi.org/10.1107/97809553602060000982

Chapter 7.8. Ceramic materials

7.8. Ceramic materials (pp. 804-827) | html | pdf | chapter contents |
W. Wong-Ng
- 7.8.1. Introduction (pp. 804-805) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.1.1. Definition (p. 804) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.1.2. A brief history of ceramic development (p. 804) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.1.3. Industrial aspects of fine ceramics/advanced ceramics (p. 804) | html | pdf |
- 7.8.2. Categories of ceramics (pp. 805-810) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.2.1. Art and archaeological ceramics (p. 805) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.2.2. Modern technical ceramics (pp. 805-810) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.1. White ware (p. 805) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.2. Structural clay products/building and construction materials (Jones & Berard, 1993) (pp. 805-806) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.3. Machinery (Musikant, 1991) (p. 806) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.4. Cutting tools (p. 806) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.5. Nuclear applications (Musikant, 1991) (p. 806) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.6. Electronic ceramics (pp. 806-809) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.1. Batteries and fuel cells (p. 806) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.2. Ceramic capacitors (pp. 806-807) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.3. High-temperature ceramic superconductors (p. 807) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.4. Ferroelectric ceramics (p. 807) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.5. Glass ceramics (p. 807) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.6. Integrated-circuit packaging and substrates (pp. 807-808) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.7. Magnetic ceramics (p. 808) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.8. Microwave communication ceramics (p. 808) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.9. Piezoelectric ceramics (p. 808) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.10. Photovoltaics (solar cells) (pp. 808-809) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.11. Thermoelectric ceramics (p. 809) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.12. Ceramic sensors (p. 809) | html | pdf |
      - 7.8.2.2.6.13. Ceramic varistors (p. 809) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.7. Optical ceramics or photonic ceramics (pp. 809-810) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.8. Refractory ceramics (p. 810) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.2.2.9. Medical and bioceramics (p. 810) | html | pdf |
- 7.8.3. Applications of powder X-ray diffraction to the studies of ceramics (pp. 810-825) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.3.1. Phase characterization (pp. 811-814) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.1.1. Phase identification (pp. 811-812) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.1.2. Quantitative analysis of phases (p. 812) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.1.3. Phase equilibria, crystal chemistry and crystallography (pp. 812-813) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.1.4. Phase evolution (pp. 813-814) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.1.5. Phase transformation (p. 814) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.3.2. Structure and microstructure (pp. 814-819) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.2.1. Crystal structure (pp. 814-815) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.2.2. Crystallite size (pp. 815-816) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.2.3. Imperfection (defects) in ceramics (pp. 816-817) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.2.4. Residual stress measurements of ceramic components (pp. 817-818) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.2.5. Texture/preferred orientation (pp. 818-819) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.2.6. Thickness and roughness of ceramic films (p. 819) | html | pdf |
  - 7.8.3.3. Processing and performance (pp. 819-825) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.1. Sintering/densification/grain growth (pp. 819-820) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.2. Reaction mechanisms/sequence (pp. 820-821) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.3. Kinetics and reaction rate (pp. 821-822) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.4. Transformation toughening (p. 822) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.5. Degradation/corrosion of ceramics (pp. 822-824) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.6. Glass ceramics (crystallization processes) (p. 824) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.7. Microstructure evolution (p. 824) | html | pdf |
    - 7.8.3.3.8. Bulk modulus/compressibility (pp. 824-825) | html | pdf |
- 7.8.4. Summary (p. 825) | html | pdf |
- References | html | pdf |
- Figures
  - Fig. 7.8.1. Fine/advanced ceramic areas for focus (Musikant, 1991) (p. 805) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.2. Dielectric resonators used in cellular base stations to store and transmit signals to handheld devices such as cell phones (Vanderah, 2002) (p. 808) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.3. A titanium hip prosthesis, with a ceramic head and polyethylene acetabular cup for bone replacement/implant applications (p. 810) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.4. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_1−1.5xLa_xTiO₃ ceramics where x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 (Eaksuwanchai et al (p. 811) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.5. (a) A GIXD pattern (bottom) for a pentacene monolayer and a diffraction pattern (top) calculated for an energy-minimized crystal structure model based on the GIXD lattice parameters and the (001) layer motif of bulk pentacene as the starting point (p. 811) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.6. (a) Observed (*) and calculated profile intensities of monoclinic $[(\bar 111)]$ (2θ = 28.2°) and (111) (2θ = 31.5°) and tetragonal (101) (2θ = 30.2°) reflections of sample No (p. 812) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.7. In situ XRD patterns demonstrating the phase transition from amorphous to cubic ZrO₂ in a reducing atmosphere (p. 813) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.8. (a) XRD plots of astilleros sediment heat-treated in the range 1273–1423 K (Q quartz; H hematite) (p. 814) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.9. A series of HTXRD patterns for CeNbO_4+δ (p. 815) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.10. (a) Magnetic structure exhibiting P12′ symmetry for Ba₄Fe₂Ti₁₀O₂₇ (p. 815) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.11. X-ray patterns of natural hydroxyapatite (HA) of bovine bone fired at (a) 673 K, (b) 873 K, (c) 973 K, (d) 1173 K and (e) 1373 K (Monshi et al (p. 816) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.12. (a) X-ray powder pattern for the sample sintered at 2 GPa and 2073 K (p. 816) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.13. (a) A schematic of a Si₃N₄ ceramic ball cylindrical volume taken for residual stress measurement (p. 817) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.14. (a) Experimental and Gaussian fitted profile of the {003} diffraction peak of [Ca₂CoO₃]_0.62[CoO₂] for various χ angles (p. 818) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.15. Measured and normalized X-ray reflectivity curves for a bare Si substrate, a SAM-terminated Si substrate and a ZrO₂/SAM/SiO₂/Si thin film with 26.8 nm ZrO₂ (p. 819) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.16. The average grain size of Al₂O₃ nanoceramics from an α-Al₂O₃ nanopowder with a mean particle size of 10 nm pressed at 1120 MPa as a function of the sintering temperature (with a fixed sintering time of 1 h) (p. 819) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.17. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs of Al₂O₃ nanoceramics from an α-Al₂O₃ nanopowder with a mean particle size of 10 nm pressed at 1120 MPa and sintered according to two different programmes: (a) sintering at 1723 K for 1 h and then at 1623 K for 34 h; (b) sintering at 1653 K for 1 h and then at 1603 K for 50 h (p. 820) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.18. Synchrotron-radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) spectra of milled Ca(BH₄)₂–MgF₂ under a vacuum with the temperature programme of (i) heating from 298 to 663 K and (ii) dwelling at 663 K for 1 h (p. 820) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.19. Sequential X-ray diffraction patterns of a Ba₂YCu₃O_6+x/CeO₂ pellet heat-treated at 1103 K for increasing cumulative time (in minutes) (p. 821) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.20. Plots of intensity versus time^1/2 (in minutes^1/2) for (a) Ba(Ce_1−zY_z)O_3−x, (213), (b) BaY₂CuO₅ (131) and (c) Ba₂YCu₃O_6+x (031) for a sample heat-treated at 1083 K (p. 821) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.21. A schematic drawing of a crack and its surrounding transformation zone (p. 822) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.22. Comparison of neutron-diffraction profiles at 423, 573, 773, 973 and 1173 K for 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (p. 822) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.23. A wine glass plagued by `glass disease' (p. 823) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.24. An optical micrograph (with combined analysis from SEM/EDS) showing the corrosion of a mullite refractory (p. 823) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.25. XRD spectra obtained by the 2θ–θ method and the grazing-angle method (at 1 and 2°) (p. 823) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.26. Monoclinic zirconia contents of (a) Y-TZP and (b) ATZ at different sintering temperatures (p. 823) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.27. X-ray patterns recorded on a powdered sample of an LZSA glass ceramic with a composition of 16.9Li₂O–5.0ZrO₂–65.1SiO₂–8.6Al₂O₃ in the temperature range 923–1223 K (Montedo et al (p. 824) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.28. SANS spectra for a spinel (MgAl₂O₄) at λ = 0.9 nm (p. 824) | html | pdf |
  - Fig. 7.8.29. X-ray diffraction patterns of BaNd₂CuO₅ measured at 0.1 and 8.7 GPa (p. 825) | html | pdf |

Chapter 7.8. Ceramic materials

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