International
Tables for Crystallography Volume B Reciprocal space Edited by U. Shmueli © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. B. ch. 1.3, p. 73
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Suppose that the space-group action is reducible, i.e. that for each by Schur's lemma, the decimation matrix must then be of the form if it is to commute with all the .
Putting and , we may define and write (direct sum) as a shorthand for
We may also define the representation operators and acting on functions of and , respectively (as in Section 1.3.4.2.2.4), and the operators and acting on functions of and , respectively (as in Section 1.3.4.2.2.5). Then we may write and in the sense that g acts on by and on by
Thus equipped we may now derive concisely a general identity describing the symmetry properties of intermediate quantities of the form which arise through partial transformation of F on or of on . The action of on these quantities will be
and hence the symmetry properties of T are expressed by the identity Applying this relation not to T but to gives i.e.
If the unique were initially indexed by (see Section 1.3.4.2.2.2), this formula allows the reindexing of the intermediate results from the initial form to the final form on which the second transform (on ) may now be performed, giving the final results indexed by which is an asymmetric unit. An analogous interpretation holds if one is going from to F.
The above formula solves the general problem of transposing from one invariant subspace to another, and is the main device for decomposing the CDFT. Particular instances of this formula were derived and used by Ten Eyck (1973); it is useful for orthorhombic groups, and for dihedral groups containing screw axes with g.c.d. . For comparison with later uses of orbit exchange, it should be noted that the type of intermediate results just dealt with is obtained after transforming on all factors in one summand.
A central piece of information for driving such a decomposition is the definition of the full asymmetric unit in terms of the asymmetric units in the invariant subspaces. As indicated at the end of Section 1.3.4.2.2.2, this is straightforward when G acts without fixed points, but becomes more involved if fixed points do exist. To this day, no systematic `calculus of asymmetric units' exists which can automatically generate a complete description of the asymmetric unit of an arbitrary space group in a form suitable for directing the orbit exchange process, although Shenefelt (1988) has outlined a procedure for dealing with space group P622 and its subgroups. The asymmetric unit definitions given in Volume A of International Tables are incomplete in this respect, in that they do not specify the possible residual symmetries which may exist on the boundaries of the domains.
References
Shenefelt, M. (1988). Group invariant finite Fourier transforms. PhD thesis, Graduate Centre of the City University of New York.Google ScholarTen Eyck, L. F. (1973). Crystallographic fast Fourier transforms. Acta Cryst. A29, 183–191.Google Scholar