International
Tables for Crystallography Volume C Mathematical, physical and chemical tables Edited by E. Prince © International Union of Crystallography 2006 |
International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. C. ch. 8.3, p. 693
Section 8.3.1.1. Lagrange undetermined multipliersa NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,bGeophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015-1305, USA, and cLaboratory for the Structure of Matter, Code 6030, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5000, USA |
The classical technique for application of constraints is the use of Lagrange undetermined multipliers, in which the set of p parameters, , is augmented by additional unknowns, λk, one for each constraint relationship desired. The problem may be stated in the form: find the minimum of subject to the condition This may be shown (Gill, Murray & Wright, 1981) to be equivalent to the problem: find a point at which the gradient of vanishes. Solving for the stationary point leads to a set of simultaneous equations of the form and Thus, the number of equations, and the number of unknowns, is increased from p to 2p − q. In cases where the number of constraint relations is small, and where it may be difficult to solve the relations for some of the parameters in terms of the rest, this method yields the desired results without too much additional computation (Ralph & Finger, 1982). With the large numbers of parameters, and large numbers of constraints, that arise in many crystallographic problems, however, the use of Lagrange multipliers is computationally inefficient and cumbersome.
References
Gill, P. E., Murray, W. & Wright, M. M. (1981). Practical optimization. New York: Academic Press.Google ScholarRalph, R. L. & Finger, L. W. (1982). A computer program for refinement of crystal orientation matrix and lattice constants from diffractometer data with lattice symmetry constraints. J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 537–539.Google Scholar